Business goverance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business goverance - Essay Example 491). There are several principles applied in leadership of organization and others that act as supporting platforms for delegation. These include aspects of game theory, agency theory and leadership techniques (Bendor, Glazer & Hammond, 2001 p. 241). The ally principle is among the widely used delegation strategy. There are various delegation principles and processes applicable to delegation in either teams or individual play. The ally principle of delegation is the widely applied practice in the process of delegating in many organizations. The ally principle in delegation entails that the person in authority, when there is an opportunity for delegation, he picks the agent closest to them for the job. This definition to this principle underlies in the belief that, those entities closest to the authority and who hold a similar line of thought, as well as, foster the ideologies of the authority are at the best position to foster the organizational goals. The practice of delegation to a close entity gives the authority space to allow the person or group they give authority to work in freedom. There are several levels of delegation using the ally principle. In delegating via either principle, whether ally or any other, the levels of delegation include the following. There is the delegation in which the authority gives the directions precisely for the person delegated work (Gersen, 2012 p. 2193). Secondly, the authority can tell the junior to look at the situation and report, then the authority decides, or they decide together. Additionally, the delegation can be allowing the junior to look at the situation, make the decision and wait for approval from the authority before proceeding. Moreover, the delegation can allow the agent to make decisions and implement them then report the outcome later. Lastly, the delegation may

BUS Unit 4 Individual project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BUS Unit 4 Individual project - Research Paper Example In addition to these factors, aspect that makes the Ohlin’s theory superior over the classical presentation is the fact that it measures the comparative advantage in terms of money (Davis, 1995). This is in contrast to the classical’s proposition that asserts the role of labor and received immense criticism for non-clarity. Ohlin’s explanation for the price differences in international trade accounts the supply factors in detail as compared to Ricardian’s only labor efficiency endowment. Hence for the economics and economist’s prosperity, Ohlin contributed with identification of factors that lead to the international trade than Ricardian’s typical classical approach of welfare proponent (Van Marrewijk, 2012). Another point that makes the Ohlin’s work mention worth is the explanation of the income distribution among partners. Ohlin asserts the role of factors of production in distribution of income among trading partners. The internatio nal trading cost is higher than the cost of domestic trading, because it includes tariffs, time costs, legalities and restrictions. All these costs in addition to factors of production eventually affect the evenness in the income of partners in international trade. ... d required that the factors of production that are considered in the international trade are needed to be much more specifically and narrowly defined when testing the endowment factor theory. For example there are different kinds of land (arable, urban, and unusable for any production). Different forms of capital are there as well. Therefore, more categorized form of factors of production being land, labor, capital and entrepreneur is important to understand the essence of role and impact of international trade. International trade continued to be the factor of debate. Staffan Linder, economist later, supported the concept of Leontief and added another dimension to it. In the view of Staffan Linder international trade has different explanation for manufacturer and agriculture. Staffan viewed the factor endowment theory working for primary (agriculture) goods but the debated on the explanation to be effective for manufacturing goods. In his view the international trade of manufacturin g goods does not depends on excess amount of labor and capital in the country, but actually it is driven by the demand at the domestic level and factor endowment at national level has little contribution. If the other countries do not demand for the excess production that is been undertaken in the supplier’s country then the production will be useless. ANSWER TO THE QUESTION FROM AUDIENCE SPECIFIC TARIFF It is an amount of money that does not vary with the price of good. The market conditions or inflation do not impact on specific tariffs. Specific tariff only changes periodically (Krugman, 2008). ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES The rising prices of goods in the international market do not impact the cost. Consumer prices are only increased by the level of other factors. This controls the

Cardiovascular control in exercise, the contribution of central command and muscle afferents

Cardiovascular control in exercise, the contribution of central command and muscle afferents Cardiovascular Control in Exercise, the contribution of Central Command and Muscle Afferents The human body has the ability to easily adapt when exercise begins with many of these adaptations occurring in the cardiovascular system. It is well documented that at the onset of exercise heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and muscle sympathetic nerve activity progressively increase to higher levels (Lind et al, 1964). These cardiovascular adaptations are controlled by either central (Central Command) or peripheral (exercise pressor reflex) mechanisms (McCloskey Mitchell, 1972). Central Command (CC) is thought to be a feed-forward process controlling both HR and respiration, both of which are known to increase in the anticipation of exercise (Secher, 2007). CC originates from higher areas of the brain (motor cortex and subcortical areas) and works in parallel with both the locomotor and cardiorespiratory systems during exercise (Green et al, 2007). The feed-forward efferent input converges on the cardiovascular centres of the brainstem along with feedback returning from afferents located in the active skeletal muscle providing the changes seen at the onset of exercise (Fisher et al, 2005). The changes within the cardiovascular system during exercise are helped via peripheral mechanisms as well as CC. CC inhibits the parasympathetic nervous system by decreasing vagal tone allowing HR to rise, the sympathetic nervous system eventually takes over to allow further increases. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system is produced via feedback from muscle afferents, mainly mechanoreceptors (Murata and Matsukawa, 2001), and forms the sensory arm of the exercise pressor reflex. Muscle afferents are split into two separate classes, group III and group IV. Group III afferents, classified as mechanoreceptors, are stimulated via muscle stretch, contraction or pressure (Kaufman et al, 1983) whereas group IV afferents, classified as metaboreceptors, are chemically sensitive (Gladwell and Coote, 2002). Afferents are also said to be polymodal and can respond to both mechanical and chemical stimuli (Mense and Meyer, 1985). The exercise pressor reflex is evoked when afferents become sensitised allowing feedback to the cardiovascular centres within the brain. This then allows adequate perfusion of the muscles by increasing cardiac output and constricting the vascular beds (OLeary, 1993). A number of studies aim to distinguish between the role of CC and muscle afferent feedback in humans during exercise. When the blood supply to an exercising muscle is occluded CC is not present, this process known as post exercise circulatory occlusion (PECO) activates metaboreceptors (Gandevia and Hobbs, 1990). Electrically evoked exercise also bypasses CC so when this method is used CC is redundant (Kaufman and Rybicki, 1987). These two methods allow the elimination of CC showing muscle afferents provide all feedback which could evoke a cardiovascular response. CC is activated in proportion to the intensity of the exercise; results from a study by Williamson et al (2002) have shown this through hypnosis. Originally an individuals perceived exertion during exercise was thought to be independent of any force being produced, allowing the magnitude of CC to be seen (Gandevia et al, 1993). Williamson et al (2002) obtained results related to this idea; they found that the level of CC activated was related to an individuals sense of effort independently of any force being produced. Increases in HR were found during hypnosis despite no exercise being performed and increases were therefore independent of feedback from afferents within the active limb. Passively stretching muscles allows cardiovascular responses to be evoked within humans; two studies by Gladwell and Coote (2002) and Fisher et al (2005) have proposed opposing ideas. Gladwell and Coote (2002) activated mechanoreceptors in the triceps surea to measure the effects on HR and BP. Voluntary isometric contraction of the plantar flexor followed by a sustained stretch of the triceps surea by dorsiflexion were performed. Fisher et al (2005) used a similar protocol but blood supply was occluded throughout and different percentages of maximal voluntary contraction were used. They aimed to see whether cardiovascular response to sustained muscle stretch was altered by varying metabolites within the muscle. Gladwell and Coote (2002) found HR increased soon after the onset of muscle contraction with part of the HR response being mediated via mechanoreceptors since stimulation of receptors via stretch decreased parasympathetic activity. Fisher et al (2005) found that HR and BP were unaffected by levels of metabolite accumulation, therefore stretch was seen to activate mechanically sensitive afferents which are unaffected by the metabolic condition. This studys use of occlusion shows that the response to stretch is purely from muscle afferents as it is known that CC is not present in these conditions. Gladwell and Coote (2002) did not use occlusion and though cardiac vagal tone activity was measured throughout stretch there is no way to ascertain whether CC was present. The conclusion drawn by Fisher et al (2005) is more reliable as the cardiovascular response seen is entirely down to mechanoreceptors, it must be certain that CC has been eliminated in Gladwell and Cootes (2002) study befo re the results can be taken into consideration. The use of stimulated and voluntary exercises is an easy way to directly compare the effects of CC and muscle afferent feedback on the cardiovascular system. An early study by Krogh and Lindhard (1917) showed through electrical stimulation that an increase in pulse rate was reflexly induced (by muscle afferent) whereas increases in voluntary exercise originated from cerebral impulses (CC). Alam and Smirk (1937) took this further and looked into the changes in BP during muscular work when circulatory occlusion was applied. A cuff placed around the thigh occluded flow whilst knee raises were performed at repeated intervals using only the calf muscle. BP rose as a result of the exercise and dropped when the exercise stopped, however it remained at an elevated level compared to rest. BP did not return to resting level until PECO was ceased. Mental efforts which are associated with muscular work are not the main reason for the rise in BP; when no cuff was placed around the leg increases in BP were less or abolished. Therefore the small fall in BP whilst PECO is still in place is due to the cessation of mental activity concerned with muscular exercise and muscle afferents must be causing the cardiovascular response thereafter. The studies indicated previously provided the basis for the concept that CC and muscle afferents affect cardiovascular response in separate ways. More recent studies by Coote et al (1971) and Bull et al (1989) have looked further into the effects of voluntary and stimulated exercise. Bull et al (1989) compared the pressor reflex during and following voluntary and involuntary contraction of the triceps surea whilst under occlusion. When voluntary contraction ended but PECO was maintained BP rapidly fell to a lower though still elevated level compared with rest. It was thought that the initial drop was attributed to the removal of CC, matching the results of Alam and Smirk (1937). The immediate drop in HR back to resting level seen post exercise whilst still under PECO suggests that it cannot be the metabolites which cause the increase in HR, if this were the case HR would stay elevated in PECO. The study concludes that the elevated BP following both types of contractions (electrical and voluntary) were due to circulatory arrest caused by trapped metabolites within the muscle. This suggests that the cardiovascular responses of HR and BP must be controlled by two separate mechanisms, CC and peripheral feedback respectively. Coote et al (1971) looked at the pressor reflex response to muscular exercise in cats. The cats were anaesthetised and contraction of the hindlimb was elicited by electrical stimulation of the ventral root, CC was not activated as electrical stimulation bypasses the brain. An increase in BP was still seen without CC being present therefore the conclusion was drawn that cardiovascular response arises from within the contracting muscles themselves, either mechanically or chemically, rather than from CC. Evidence for a chemical stimulus within humans has come from Alam and Smirk (1937) which can provide the link that results drawn from cats can be similar to those that occur in humans. It was also found that the pressor reflex was proportional to the tension developed by the contraction and so the stronger the contractions the large the pressor reflex is likely to be. Distinguishing between CC and muscle afferent feedback can also be undertaken through neuromuscular blockade (NMB) and anaesthesia. Two studies employing this technique are by Gandevia and Hobbs (1990) and Iwamoto et al (1987) both looked at cardiovascular response in man, McCloskey and Mitchell (1972) also employed this technique but investigated cats. The latter study sought to provide evidence that NMB would abolish the cardiovascular response in exercise. Cats triceps surea were electrically stimulated via the ventral root with two nerve blocking techniques being used: anodal blockage was used to eliminate large myelinated nerve fibres and anaesthesia was used to eliminate small and unmyelinated nerve fibres. Anodal block did not change the pressor reflex from the control condition; this is due to only the large fibres being blocked which are predominantly muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs. However under anaesthetic the cardiovascular responses were abolished. This is due to small and unmylinated fibres being blocked which are predominantly mechano- and metaboreceptors. The fact that only anaesthesia affects the cardiovascular response shows that the response is entirely due to the pressor reflex as no CC could be present. Iwamoto et al (1987) did a similar study but experimented on both cats and humans. The cat procedure was the same as McCloskey and Mitchell (1972) whilst humans performed voluntary and evoked knee extensions before and after NMB (tubocurarine). In cats blockade eliminated all cardiovascular responses compared with the control condition. In human voluntary contraction HR increased and strength was large, NMB reduced strength but allowed further increases in HR. Stimulated contraction reduced strength but HR was as large as in voluntary exercise though increased from the second R-R interval, NMB reduced strength further but HR still increased from second heart beat. BP increased in both types of exercise but to a lesser extent in stimulated exercise, NMB further reduced BP. As HR was unaffected by NMB it is suggested that it is governed by processes outside the muscle (CC) this is in line with Sechers (1985) findings. However BP was affected suggesting that muscle afferent feedback pl ays a role in the control of BP within the cardiovascular response, this matches the McCloskey and Mitchells (1972) conclusion drawn from cats. Gandevia and Hobbs (1990) looked at changes in HR and BP to graded contraction in man with the use of anaesthesia. Handgrip contractions were performed with a period of 3min PECO, arm muscles were then acutely paralysed via anaesthesia and the exercise performed again. HR and BP increased in line with the preceding contraction with PECO showing the degree to which the metaboreflex was activated. BP increased in direct relation to the preceding contraction but HR did not. In paralysis graded increases in HR were seen but not in BP, suggesting CC controls HR response. These results are consistent with in Iwamoto (1987) who found NMB to reduce BP response but which had little effect on HR response to voluntary contraction. Both studies show that cardiovascular response must be due to a combination of CC and chemoreflex. Gandevia and Hobbs (1990) showed that during anaesthesia HR was controlled by CC as muscle afferent would have been blocked, as BP did not increase with anaesthesia it could be concluded that muscle afferents control the modulation of BP. Conclusions can be drawn from all the relevant literature that CC and muscle afferent feedback have overlapping tendencies and that the different aspects of the cardiovascular response, though controlled via both mechanisms, lean towards one aspect more than the other. Therefore HR could be controlled to a greater extent by CC (Gandevia and Hobbs, 1990; Iwamoto et al, 1987 and Bull et al, 1989) whereas muscle afferent feedback could control BP response (Alam and Smirk, 1937 and Coote et al, 1971).

Traditional and Internet Dating Essay -- Dating Social Values Changes

Traditional and Internet Dating At some point in our lives where we are searching for that special someone. The methods of going about dating have changed quite dramatically over the years. Going out has grown from traditional dating, to internet 'dating', to group dating.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Traditional Dating has changed over the years. In my generation the girls can ask the guys, there is no telling where they might go on a date, or they might just hang out at home, which did not happen as much 25 years ago. My generation's moral values are changing too: sex on the first date happens more frequently now. Many Years ago a guy would go pick the girl up at her house, was introduced to her parents and have a talk with them before taking their little girl out for a first date. Now, however, guys and girls meet somewhere or the guy just beeps the horn and in many cases the parents do not meet the guy with whom their daughter is going out. When my parents were young, dating was something taken seriously, and knew someone for a period of time before ever asking her out on a date. Today a date may be just something to do for fun or if you are bored. Nowadays many people "hook-up" at bar, clubs or random parties. : I wonder what changes are to be in the futur e of dating.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What kind of person goes online and uses personal ads to meet their mate. The Internet changing everything from the way we shop to the way we find driving directions. Cyberspace has become the hottest pick-up jo...

Science and Society

Science and Society Is life fact or fiction? One could look at science and society in the same manner. Meaning that there is an ideal subject, one subject could be the truth and one could be deception. Science, in my opinion, is the truth. For example, science is based on facts and numbers and figures, these never deter from the truth if correctly applied in their own fields of study. The term for society states that it is a group of people who shape their lives in aggregated and patterned ways that distinguish their group from other groups.Society can take a number of shapes and forms and it is never the same in any place in the world, politics and economy differ yet society is unified as a whole in the larger spectrum. Lewis Thomas (â€Å"Alchemy†), George Orwell (â€Å"What Is Science? †), Carl Sagan (â€Å"Why We Need to Understand Science†), and Lawrence Krauss (â€Å"School Boards Want to ‘Teach to the Controversy. ’ What Controversy? † have different points of views in each of their understandings of science and society, yet one thing that sticks out in their essays as a related is that society in some way, shape, or form should be informed and open to more knowledge of the sciences.Carl Sagan’s’ (â€Å"Why We Need to Understand Science†) was one of my favorite pieces due to the fact that he did in his own opinions and views yet what stuck out in my mind is that he added data and facts into his piece. I believe his piece best describes science as his primary term because he is trying to get people to understand the importance of why society should look at science this way and why. People like numbers because they are either comforting or they make people realize something that was never really thought of before because it wasn’t as solid or tangible in their minds.He wrote his delved more into the root of the problem with society and science on both aspects. He also concluded with a sug gestion to the solution of the problem of our society’s lack of knowledge in science. Sagan preaches his point and is very to the point in all aspects of his writing although it wasn’t as logical as the other essays I think the emotion he put into his piece was what won me over because of the passion of wanted to get his point across to the readers is usually the same difference of what gets people interested in the knowledge of science.Lewis Thomas (â€Å"Alchemy†), primarily states in his essay that of the work of alchemists. He indicates that their seemingly todays silly work of trying to turn metal into gold or their secret society of alchemist did not go wasted. They actually set a lot of today’s sciences up for advancement and great lengths of achievement. Thomas made a clear and concise history of the Alchemists such as the origins being traced back to the ancient time of the Arabic, Latin, and Greek.He added the meaning of the work that Alchemists were trying to achieve such as there only being one particle in the universe that was the true meaning of existence in all shapes or forms. He also argued to downfalls of the Alchemist such as the time they spent on dead ends in their pursuit of science, all the writing and work they proposed that was written in secretive language, the bans of their work due to it being related to black magic.Yet, in many positive aspects the Alchemists did pave the way for other sciences to be studied successfully, such as physics or chemistry. This got people interested and helped to spur conversation, debate, and helped bring questions to one another to spur thought. On a very low level this work did get science in society started yet it was only amongst the scientist community. None of the work can be understood by people of normal or medial knowledge.Yet again on could argue that among certain interested parties for instance student, the subject of alchemy could be seen as an interesting subje ct, therefore the student would want to read about alchemist and then possibly see what the fuss is about and want to take a look at what works interested alchemist and would try to learn to study aspects of their work such as physics and chemistry in a broad sense. Thomas does make certain valid points yet the downfall is that this type of science would not be relatable to the masses it is above their heads.This type of science in society can almost always be only attainable to those in the field of science and only reel in a few of outsiders in society. George Orwell (â€Å"What Is Science? †), writes and essay of very profound aspects of science. For instance his piece he defines what science is and also argues the differences between sciences in my opinion for his readers to get both sides of what he is trying to describe so one can form an opinion of their own.This is the point he is trying to get across to his readers, to be able for one to form his own opinion about sc ience. Therefore they are learning and gain knowledge of the subject of science in some way shape or form. I agree with many facts of Orwell’s piece, for instance he states that anyone educated can describe to you what science may mean to them whether it’s a specific or broad term. Does the knowledge of science make one smarter than the next, not necessarily?Vice versa in the sense that someone who was less knowledgeable on science then became knowledgeable could have less intelligence about the subject than â€Å"an illiterate peasant†, or that this knowledge may do more harm than good. After this seemingly contradictory argument he contradicts himself more by stating that society should be educated in science to be able to grasp the concept of being able to possess a â€Å"rational, skeptical, experimental habit of mind. This to me means that one should have a firm grasp on the knowledge of science and be able to carry a conversation of facts data and look at science in broad and insightful aspects. I don’t think this work is as strong as Carl Sagan’s work because he is trying to please the masses and preach about two things at the same time which I feel is untruthful because he is trying to reel in a larger crowd so to speak, which I lost interest in. Lawrence Krauss (â€Å"School Boards Want to ‘Teach to the Controversy. What Controversy? †) describes how schools across the board should teach other methods of science in order for one to search for their own truth or the whole truth of their meaning of science. He relates his main subject on religion vs. science and how the church and science is constantly arguing about the fact of who is right and who is wrong about evolution, in depth the Big Bang theory or that every human is genetically related from the first organism.As interesting as Krauss’s point about science were I found his points to more centered only around the church and sciences point of view in the matter, I only dismissed it because it didn’t relate to the masses and it was a very limited piece to give readers much knowledge beyond what was stated and I could not personally gather anything out of it for my own purposes other than the ending quote which if he wrote around this subject I probably would have chosen it, To search thoroughly for the truth involves a searching of souls as well as of spectra. Then again souls are not an indefinite thing, science because it is based on facts and numbers, so in theory this does not make sense and is weaker than Carl Sagan’s piece in general because it does not really evoke thought to the reader. I think the most relatable thing between all the pieces was that amongst specific likeminded people there will always be debate and conclusions will be drawn based on their facts and that these certain societies can communicate efficiently with each other. On a larger scale society as a whole should learn more about science in order to attain basic understanding of knowledge of science.Personally I think that basic understanding of the knowledge of science is attainable and should be learned amongst society because education in America is lacking while others are racing ahead in almost every aspect of education, reading, writing, math, and science. Education should be important to everyone for the simple fact that science has gotten our society to the point it is today. Some aspects may be good and some bad for instance the good may include being able to function in an advanced society with buildings and cars, advancements in medicine allowing humans to live longer and healthier.Yet again with our advancement we also have made negative aspects for ourselves such as being able to genetically mass produce beef that goes into fast food restaurants all over the country that has made 70% of Americans obese, or the fact that because of our advancement in medicine which allow most humans to live longe r or cure them from most ailments, natural selection has come to a stop and has allowed the weaker of humans to spawn and created other like humans.I envision that I would prefer to live in a world with science rather than a primitive society, my answer is pure and simple there is nothing profound about it, this world with science is what I am used to and I wouldn’t want to change this.Perhaps in a positive light I would want to change science to further advancement science as we know it, for example finding a cure for cancer, or better yet finding out what in the brain or body creates mental illness or to add or subtract DNA from fetuses in order to create a â€Å"perfect† human one free from disease. I believe my ideas towards science would actually better society because it would benefits them in ways that would make them possibly more interest in science due to the controversy and debates it may cause.

Malcolm X Citation Essay

â€Å"The future belongs to those who prepare for it today.† This quote by Malcolm X showed that he was ready for the future, whatever it may be. (Moncur). Malcolm X greatly affected the turn of black de-segregation in the 1950s. He had strong beliefs, suffered a gruesome assassination, and a remarkable legacy. Malcolm Little had many strong beliefs in himself and in people all over the world. Malcolm Little educated himself, so was able to find out what he believed. For one, he changed his name from Malcolm Little to Malcolm X because X was the original surname of the slaves from whom he had descended. He insisted that Blacks had the right to protect themselves. He had always believed that violence was occasionally reasonable. Even though he was put into prison in 1946 for burglary, and got out in 1952, he was still a very significantly important person. Malcolm X became very interested in the Nation of Islam. The Nation of Islam is based on conventional teachings, Black Nationalism, and self-help programs that helped the Blacks living in the ghettoes. He believed in and studied Elijah Muhammad, who was the leader of the Black Muslims and popularized their doctrines. He soon became a Black Muslim and as one, he encouraged other Blacks to form all-Black communities. After being a Black Muslim for awhile, he became the â€Å"Top Dog† and representative for them. On March 8, 1964, Malcolm X broke with the Nation of Islam and made a religious journey to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. In Mecca, he took the name El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz. When Malcolm broke with the Nation of Islam, he became a target for death threats and pressure. On February 21st, Malcolm X was shot and his life was taken away from him in Harlem. No one thinks it is a coincidence the February 21st, was the first day of National Brotherhood Week. He was shot by a double-barreled shot gun and two pistols. Malcolm’s lawyer, Percy Sutton, said after he was proclaimed dead, â€Å"Malcolm knew he would be killed. He told me repeatedly-and as late as yesterday- that his life was in danger† (Finkelman). There were three men involved in the assassination of Malcolm. They were all members of the Nation of Islam. The main one who shot him in the chest was Talmadge Hayer. Hayer was born in 1943, making him twenty-two at the time of Malcolm’s death. Earlier in his life he was detained in prison for possession of guns and disorderly conduct. He testified that his accomplices were not guilty, but they were all convicted. The Audubon Ballroom was the place where Malcolm was shot. The Audubon Ballroom adjoined a theatre found in Washington Heights, NYC. Washington Heights is in a neighborhood north of Harlem. Recently, it was obliterated to make way for the new Columbia Presbyterian Hospital, the place were Malcolm X was taken when he was shot. Everyone that walks in the doors of the Hospital will see the memorial which was placed there for Malcolm X. Malcolm X was one of the most contentious persons of the century. He had met many people, traveled many places, and influenced many lives. Many young Black activists supported him. Malcolm X was captivating and witty, while his words gave hope to all who heard them. He was an incredible speaker and many people wished to quote him. Malcolm X once said, â€Å"How can anyone be against love?†(â€Å"Malcolm X†). I agree with him, no one can be against love. This is one of the many reasons Malcolm X supported the Blacks and helped them to believe that they had the right to be safe, the right to protect themselves, and the right to love.

Communist Manifesto All that is solid melts into air essays

Communist Manifesto All that is solid melts into air essays In the Gospel of St. Matthew, chapter 27 A-B, the people are given the traditional release of one prisoner. They have a choice, the just man Jesus Christ and the notable prisoner Barabbas. When asked which prisoner should be released the people responded, Barabbas. (convinced by the chief priests and elders.) Pontius Pilate asks what punishment he should be given. They all responded: Let him be crucified. Disturbed by the obvious injustice, Pilate feebly asks, What evil hath he done? The people rise in blind, tumultuous cries, Let him be crucified! Again, Pilate appeals to them by washing his hands before the people and saying, I am innocent of the blood of this just person. The impassioned crowd, the tumult rising, calls the accountability upon themselves, His blood be on us, and on our children! Bach captures the horrific nature of this event exquisitely in The St. Matthew Passion. The chorus explodes into rising human voices, violently one upon the other, in a terrifying spectacle of mob mentality. The listener is disturbed; the wrongness of it frightens and saddens him. This is an example of a mass human sentiment. It is undeniably immoral and frightening in its intensity. The people are aroused beyond even what they have been convinced of, to the point of willfully taking the guilt of innocent blood onto the whole human race. What is this phenomena? To a rational individual, the passion of the masses is not only illogical, but depraved and evil; it is the product of an emotional momentum with nothing inherent in it to check its behavior. While, undoubtedly, a zealous mass sentiment could possibly work for a good thing, what is to insure that it will? A mass of humans has no collective moral conscious; there is no set of laws that it obeys, neither head nor heart exists to serve as guide. In the Communis...

Consumerism in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep essays

Consumerism in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep essays In the novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep, Philip K. Dick explores the recurring idea of entropy-a concept which describes everything as moving towards disorder and energy as being perpetually lost and wasted. This idea of constant disorder in emotional, societal, and metaphysical aspects permeates throughout the story. It is represented by consumerist characters who readily purchase commodities as well as by kipple, which serves as a symbol for wasted goods. Throughout his novel, Dick notes how entropy is a continuous, and unstoppable procedure and suggests that humans consumerism is a futile attempt to fight it. Dick employs the mood organ to suggest that attempts at reducing disorder through artificial means leads to further chaos and bedlam. Dick introduces the protagonist of the story, Rick Deckard, and his wife, Iran, and through the dialogue, he immediately portrays their relationship as unconventional and broken. Iran constantly berates Rick, calling him a murderer with crude cops hand[s] and Rick, in response feels irritable which grows to outright hostility towards his own wife (Dick 4). To combat these negative feelings, they use a technological development called a mood organ; a device which can control a users mood. Instead of finding genuine hope and happiness in this decaying world, they resort to artificial and consumerist products that reduce complex emotions to simple three digit numbers. Rick can just dial in numbers for creative and fresh attitude toward his job, awareness of the manifold possibilities, or ecstatic sexual bliss (6-7). However, the mood organ can also be u sed for negative emotions and when arguing with Iran, he considers dialing for a thalamic suppressant (which would abolish his mood of rage) or a thalamic stimulant (which would make him irked enough to win the argument) (4). T...

Immigrants and Public Benefits

Immigrants and Public Benefits A public charge is someone who is dependent on the government for long-term care, cash assistance or income maintenance. As an immigrant, you want to avoid becoming a public charge because it is grounds for inadmissibility and deportation. An immigrant who is likely to become a public charge is inadmissible  and ineligible to become a permanent resident of the United States. An immigrant may be deported if he or she becomes a public charge within 5 years of entering the U.S. It is extremely rare for an immigrant to be deported as a public charge. To keep new immigrants from becoming public charges, the U.S. requires that sponsoring relatives or employers sign a contract (the Affidavit of Support) stating that the sponsored immigrant is not likely to become a public charge. The sponsor also acknowledges that an agency that provides any means-tested benefit to the immigrant may require the immigrants sponsor to reimburse the agency for the amount of the provided benefit. How Someone Becomes a Public Charge If an immigrant receives cash assistance for income maintenance from Social Security Income (SSI), the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program or any state or local cash assistance programs for income maintenancecommonly referred to as means-tested benefitsthese could make a non-citizen a public charge. However, in addition to this, you must also meet additional criteria before a public charge can be determined. USCIS says before an alien can be denied admission to the United States or denied adjustment of status to legal permanent resident based on public charge grounds, a number of factors must be considered...including the alien’s age, health, family status, assets, resources, financial status, education, and skills. No single factorother than the lack of an Affidavit of Support, if requiredwill determine whether an alien is a public charge, including past or current receipt of public cash benefits for income maintenance. An immigrant can be deported if he or she becomes a public charge within 5 years of entering the U.S. and has refused an agencys request for reimbursement of a cash benefit for income maintenance or costs of institutionalization for long-term care. However, removal proceedings will not be initiated if the immigrant can show that the benefit received was for an issue that did not exist prior to entry into the U.S. Public charge determination is made on a case-by-case basis and is not an automatic ticket out of the U.S. How to Avoid Becoming a Public Charge The key here is to be careful with cash assistance and any long-term care. Some assistance programs may provide cash benefits, and this is okay as long as the purpose of the cash assistance is not for income maintenance. For example, if you are given cash as a food stamp benefit instead of the normal paper coupons or e-cards, this would not be considered for public charge purposes because the benefit is not intended for income maintenance. In contrast, Medicaid is not subject to public charge consideration, but if it is used for long-term care such as a nursing home or mental health institution, then it would be used as part of the public charge analysis. Safe Public Benefits and Ones to Avoid To avoid becoming a public charge, immigrants should avoid benefits that provide cash assistance for income maintenance or institutionalization for long-term care. The type of benefit you may use without becoming a public charge is dependent on your immigration status. Each program will have its own eligibility qualifications that must be met in order to participate in the program or receive benefits. Eligibility may also differ from state to state. It is important to check your eligibility with each agency. Public Benefits for New Immigrants Applying forPermanent Residence USCIS states that the following benefits may be used without a public charge penalty by  legal immigrants  who have not yet received their  green card: Health Care Benefits  such as emergency Medicaid, the  Children’s Health Insurance Program  (CHIP), prenatal care, or other free or low-cost medical care at clinics, health centers, or other settings (other than long-term care in a nursing home or similar institution)Food Programs  such as WIC (the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children), school meals, or other food assistanceNon-Cash Programs  such as public housing, child care, energy assistance, disaster relief, Head Start, or job training or counseling New immigrants should stay away from the following benefits to avoid a public charge determination. USCIS will consider your participation in the following when deciding whether or not to issue a green card: Cash Welfare  such as  Supplemental Security Income  (SSI), cash Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), and state and local cash assistance programs for income maintenance (often called state General Assistance)Institutionalization  for long-term care, such as residing in a nursing home or mental health facility at government expense Public Benefits for Green Card Holders Legal permanent residentsgreen card holderswill not lose their status through public charge by using the following provided by USCIS: Health Care Benefits  such as emergency Medicaid, the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), prenatal care, or other free or low-cost medical care at clinics, health centers, or other settings (other than long-term care in a nursing home or similar institution)Food Programs  such as Food Stamps, WIC (the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children), school meals, or other food assistanceNon-Cash Programs  such as public housing, child care, energy assistance, disaster relief, Head Start, or job training or counseling*Cash Welfare  such as Supplemental Security Income (SSI), cash Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), and state and local cash assistance programs for income maintenance (often called state General Assistance)*Institutionalization  for long-term care, such as residing in a nursing home or mental health facility at government expense Take note:  A green card holder who leaves the U.S. for more than 6 months at one time may be asked questions upon re-entry to determine if they are a public charge. At this point, use of cash welfare or long-term care will be carefully considered in deciding admissibility.

Discuss the role and charachteristics of e-communications in Essay

Discuss the role and charachteristics of e-communications in integrated marketing communication - Essay Example iced that the above forms are just indicative; in fact different forms of e-communications can appear within a particular market in accordance with the cultural characteristics and the general trends of the specific market. On the other hand, it should be noticed that the effectiveness of the type of e-communications chosen in each case depends on the structure of the market and the demands of the consumers as they have been identified through an appropriate marketing research. Under the above terms, e-communications can be considered as having a significant role on the development of marketing activities within a particular marketplace. In fact, e-communications should be considered as a tool for the improvement of marketing communication regarding a specific market. The evaluation of marketing communication strategies applied within a particular market belongs to marketers who have the responsibility to choose the appropriate e-communications tool taking into account that business activities worldwide should be promoted through specific marketing initiatives in order to be productive. In accordance with the above communication in marketing is an indispensable part of the marketing plan having a major importance for marketers around the world. In this context, e-communications become a valuable tool for the support of marketing initiatives worldwide (through the improvement of marketing communication as already explained above). The development of marketing plans has been a challenging task for marketers internationally. The above phenomenon should be explained primarily if taking into account the constant changes of consumer preferences and trends of the market worldwide. It is for this reason that the development of marketing communication has been considered to be a priority for marketers within the global market. More specifically, marketing communication has been proved to be the most effective method for improving the performance of marketing plans

Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods Essay

Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods - Essay Example Broadly, research methods are divided into two categories namely quantitative research method and qualitative research method. Both are different in nature and have different applicability. Both the methods find their applications in different disciplines and have strengths and shortcomings in various domains. There are certain pre requisites that apply to each of them and each of them underlines a specific method of implementation. Qualitative research method: This method of research is subjective in nature which mostly contains case studies, interviews, unlike quantitative methods the outcomes are in textual form and not in digits and statistical values. Questions like why, where when who are touched upon by this type of research method. Qualitative approach is scientific in nature and may not have a fixed deterministic solution by end of research conducted. Such research can be helpful in studying the behaviors, approach, their fears and concerns including natural response, dealin g with opinions and possibly culture oriented issues. While quantitative research provides fixed results, their counterpart lay foundation for the study and research beyond the point where the scope of quantitative research ends. Such research approaches are inductive in nature and the mode of language used is informal .Furthermore, qualitative research is most suited to the initial stages (Merriam, 2009). The tools and techniques that might be used during qualitative approach can possibly include memos, interviews, artifacts, picture or any piece of video (Pitney & Parker,pg53, 2009) . Stressing on the importance of qualitative approach Donald Campbell stated that â€Å"All research ultimately has a qualitative grounding† (Farrell, pg8, 2011). Characteristic feature of such an approach is its ability to address the intangible aspects of society and human nature. Lincoln defines qualitative research as interpretive and naturalistic in nature (Flick,pg2, 2007). Three broad typ es of qualitative research encompass Case studies: while adopting case studies for purpose of research, focus is concentrated on an individual phenomena and concept that are constrained by duration and activities. Various data collection procedures are adopted during the case study approach. Phenomenological studies: In such approach attempt is being made to get the response of people based on their personal experience about a particular instance and event, intensive research is being carried out number of times through the aide of detailed elaborations Ethnographic studies: As the name implies, the focus of research in this category is a particular group of individuals that are involved in a similar kind of task. This kind of research is conducted over period of time with focus on one type of cultural group that have something in common between them. The commonality could be the interest, an experience, cultural trend or any other event undergone by the people being examined (Marie , pg 172, 2008). Role Play Simulation: In such kind of research role assignment might be done or the individuals conducting research might be required to observe a particular role to deduce any conclusion from it Comprehensive Interviews: The aim behind such type of research is to get into the details of the matter and probe all possible options .The method of interrogation and opinion determination is slightly different from quantitative research. Other forms of qualitative research include grounded theory. Quantitative researc

How to stop climate change Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How to stop climate change - Coursework Example The second step is focusing on the big win to attain total control of activities that may have negative impact on climate. This can be done through establishing programs that promote environmental hygiene as this is the first step towards climate preservation. The author of this article believes that people do not respond actively to environmental preservation measures because they consider it a big and tedious process. He then proposes the need to simplify the preservation processes as this will convince people to engage in positive environmental practices. The third step of climate preservation is technology. People should research on alternative ways of reducing negative climate impacts with technology such as using solar power to cook instead of black-coal and reducing carbon emission in aircrafts. The use of solar energy can redress extreme temperate zones an act that can in turn create a conducive environment (Lovins, 2011). Technological inventions may give possible solutions to almost three quarters of the climate problems.According to my opinion, the three steps listed in this article gives perfect solution to the climate problems. Instead of campaigning and holding debates on environmental matters, the experts should introduce systems that trigger environmental conservation. For instance, every nation should establish organizations that deal with waste materials globally as this will reduce climate risks by at least 10%. People should be motivated to ensure climate preservation practices.

The Strategy Behind the Brand Building Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Strategy Behind the Brand Building - Essay Example aining attention from the increased inconsistency associated with brand planning, strategizing, and aligning processes, which result in a brand failing quickly after its launch. The study identifies the major components associated with brand identity, i.e. brand strategy attributes, brand identity elements, the target audience, and brand applications, and converts them into a visual branding tree by explaining the brand identity process and design procedure. This is invaluable to designers, marketers, researchers, and brand supervisors. It may possibly save time and money in the long run, not to mention keeping all the elements consistent with the brand management process. The brand building process is something that every business must go through to determine how to market its markets and who to. Understanding the consumer market goes a long way in deciding how a company will perform in the long run. This study is important because inconsistent brand building can sometimes confuse the audience, resulting in lost revenue and profit. The target audience should have an emotional bond and sense of belonging, which results in customer appreciation and thus customer loyalty. A brand should be presented consistently across all applications. The only way to ensure this is through comprehensive brand identity standards or systems that are easy to understand and available through both print and Web-based sources. The brand building process can often result in success for a brand. This will attract a broader customer base, and brand managers, designers, and marketers will have less confusion in the brand building

The Influence of the Media on Politics in America Research Paper

The Influence of the Media on Politics in America - Research Paper Example This is all the more relevant because the voter turnout in America has always been less than half of the total number of voters (Denton and Woodward, pp.1). So, what is interesting to probe, along with all the other aspects of the relationship between media and politics, is whether the television or new media have any role in voter turnout or voter behavior. The mutual dynamics between media and public life has come under scrutiny in many research works. Craig (2004, pp.3) has put forth the idea that â€Å"media are an indissoluble part of the contexts, the messages and the relationships that create and give shape to politics and public life.† In other words, one can say that though the public life had existed even centuries before the new media forms were born, once the mass media came into being, they have become part of the rich social fabric from which the political processes emerge as consequences. Here, politics is defined as â€Å"a specific sphere of society incorporating the workings of formal institutions and their legal relationships† on one side, and on the other, the term is defined to represent the â€Å"struggle over the values that inform all social relations† by Craig (2004, pp.24). To make functional any element of this process, communication is an inevitable factor and this is where the role of media becomes crucial. From cave drawings and social orator ship to internet and ICT-enabled new media, in all formats, media have supported the political processes, whether it has negative or positive consequences for the society, as a whole. It is also observed that media is not merely an onlooker and reporter of social events or a simple fictional entertainer, but has a mediating role to play in the society (Craig, 2004, pp.3). And most importantly, it is this mediating role that determines to an extent, the political life of the society (Craig, 2004, pp.4). During Gulf War and William

Dans quelle mesure peuton dire que les in&#233galities de salaire Essay

Dans quelle mesure peuton dire que les inégalities de salaire existent toujours pour les femmes en France - Essay Example Au contraire, l'tude montre un cart d'entre 6% (ouvriers) et 68% (chefs d'entreprise) dans les salaires mensuels nets, moyennant 37% tous temps de travail confondus, et 24% pour les postes temps complets. La catgorie avec le moins d'carts est la catgorie des employs (entre 6 et 8%). Les moins bien payes touchent 91% du niveau de salaire des hommes, alors que les 10% les mieux rmunres n'en peroivent que 75% (Observatoire des ingalits 2006). En ce qui concerne la fonction publique, les plus rcentes tudes publies par l'INSEE (2004) montrent un cart de 20% dans le salaire annuel nets pour les postes temps complets. Tandis que les femmes cadres et des employes et ouvrires qui travaillent dans le secteur public gagnent nettement moins que les hommes (entre 20 et 25%), des professionnelles gagnent presque le mme salaire que leurs collgues masculins (20,400 contre 21,900). Ses statistiques sont controverses de par le fait que les vraies diffrences sont difficiles cerner. Dans certaines instances, le statut complexe de la femme franaise entre mre de famille et travailleur rendre difficile la tache de comparaison. L'volution des lois sur le travail (le SMIC par exemple) a fait que les femmes d'aujourd'hui gagnent plus que ses surs d'il y a un demi-sicle (Clark 2000, p.77), mais 80% des salaris qui gagnent le SMIC et moins sont des femmes (Maurin 2000). Cela ne dmontre pas une ingalit de salaire mais une ingalit dans le systme du travail. La culture franaise insiste sur la place primordiale de la femme la maison, en assurant la stabilit de la vie de famille. Puisque des femmes doivent penser aux enfants, soit elles ne poursuivent pas des tudes au-del du baccalaurat-qui leur donne accs qu'aux postes mal pays-o elles ne travaillent qu' temps partiel. Ces ingalits se rvlent par une infriorit de salaire dans des statistiques globales, mais ce qui est plus important retenir c'est que les horaires infrieurs effectus par les femmes ne sont pas reflts par les tudes, donc on ne peut que supposer un cart plus important que ceux reporter par des statistiques officielles. D'autre lment qui rend compliqu la question d'ingalits de salaire est la diffrence des qualifications entre hommes et femmes et leur concentration dans des diffrents secteurs et filires. Les femmes sont plutt concentres dans des filires avec des salaires bas (Gregory et Tidd 2000, p. 36), par exemple, elles sont plutt dans l'administration (secrtaires, rceptionnistes) et l'enseignement (surtout dans la maternelle). SelonMargaret Maruani, sociologue et directrice de recherche au CNRS, cela est la faute de l'ducation, ou les filles sont traditionnellement orientes vers des filires fminines tandis que des garons le sont vers des filires dites nobles telles que sciences conomiques (Maurin 2000). En outre des secteurs de salaire infrieur, les mres gravitent aussi vers les botes relativement petites et intimes (Gregory et Tidd 2000, p.36). En tudiant des secteurs quivalents, on trouve qu'en gnral les femmes occupent des postes moins qualifis que des hommes mme si maintenant elles ont plus d'accs aux mtiers qualifis (Maurin 2000). Mme quand elles se trouvent parmi les cadres suprieurs, son statut et par la suite son salaire n'est pas forcment la mme que ses collgues masculins. Maruani

The Influence of the Media on Politics in America Research Paper

The Influence of the Media on Politics in America - Research Paper Example This is all the more relevant because the voter turnout in America has always been less than half of the total number of voters (Denton and Woodward, pp.1). So, what is interesting to probe, along with all the other aspects of the relationship between media and politics, is whether the television or new media have any role in voter turnout or voter behavior. The mutual dynamics between media and public life has come under scrutiny in many research works. Craig (2004, pp.3) has put forth the idea that â€Å"media are an indissoluble part of the contexts, the messages and the relationships that create and give shape to politics and public life.† In other words, one can say that though the public life had existed even centuries before the new media forms were born, once the mass media came into being, they have become part of the rich social fabric from which the political processes emerge as consequences. Here, politics is defined as â€Å"a specific sphere of society incorporating the workings of formal institutions and their legal relationships† on one side, and on the other, the term is defined to represent the â€Å"struggle over the values that inform all social relations† by Craig (2004, pp.24). To make functional any element of this process, communication is an inevitable factor and this is where the role of media becomes crucial. From cave drawings and social orator ship to internet and ICT-enabled new media, in all formats, media have supported the political processes, whether it has negative or positive consequences for the society, as a whole. It is also observed that media is not merely an onlooker and reporter of social events or a simple fictional entertainer, but has a mediating role to play in the society (Craig, 2004, pp.3). And most importantly, it is this mediating role that determines to an extent, the political life of the society (Craig, 2004, pp.4). During Gulf War and William

Comparsion and Contrast Essay the Welcome Story and What Its Like to Be a Black Girl Essay Example for Free

Comparsion and Contrast Essay the Welcome Story and What Its Like to Be a Black Girl Essay Trying to Fit What do you do when you feel like you just dont fit in with the society you live in? Since the beginning of time blacks women, have been recognized as women who don’t fit the traditional ideal of beauty. A woman of color comes in all different shades of skin tones Caramel, Golden bronze, Cocoa brown and Dark brown. Their hair comes in a quite few different textures, from tight as a thick rubber band, to curls about thick as your pinky finger. Most people describe black women natural afro textured hair as kinky, spiraled, fizzy or nappy. During the slavery-era to the early 1900’s black women in America, went from cornrows, braids and other natural styles. Some reasons for this as I grow up getting perms known as straight hair was a sign of class and Nappy hair was a sign that you were poor. With segregation no longer being an issue, blacks were now free to work their way up in American society, but they still faced white racism. Whites’ people saw black people skin features as a sign that one is given to being sexual active, violence and lacking in intelligence. Many blacks lightened their skin and straightened their hair to appear more acceptable to whites in order to get ahead. When it comes to black women television shows, show how society should be in the eyes of T.V. and its monkey see monkey do from there. Black women have been villianized on television. They are portrayed as home wreakers and baby momma with several different dads or the lowest standard. If you ever see a successful man on television he is not allowed to be portrayed with a black woman. If you watch a music video, the star of the video will not be shown with a black woman with clothes covering her body. The media would not like to high light the qualities of black women because the executives behind the scenes arent black men. The goal is to make white women appear to be the best and highest quality of woman that Barbie. For this reason you will see interracial relationships between every celebrity athlete and the not a black woman of their choice. At this point a white woman on your arm represents she is super smart and very successful. Some people wont fall absolutely for the trap and be with a white woman, but they still wont marry a black woman. Black woman is demanding a new set of female definitions and a recognition of herself of a citizen, companion and confidant, not a matriarchal villian or a step stool baby-maker. Role integration advocates the complementary recognition of man and woman, not the competitive recognition of same.(duke.edu) The strangest thing about this stereotype situation is that many white women go to tanning booths often to get a caramel complexion of an African descent skin. Who created the monster of discrimination and Why? A question we will never know. Discrimination based on skin color, or colorism, is a form of prejudice or discrimination in which human beings are treated differently based on the social meanings attached to skin color. (Wikipedia.com) The â€Å"Welcome Table† is a story that is filled with religious symbolism. Religion is the theme of this story. This story is enduring in the sense that it shows the strength and belief an old black woman had to face during her trials and tribulations. â€Å"What it’s like to Be a Black Girl† is a poem that gives the reader an inside view into a young black girl’s transition into black woman-hood at a time where being a black girl and being a black woman was not as welcomed. In these two literary works, although the similarities aren’t quite the same they still have the same concept. In the short story The Welcome table you have a narrator’s point of view and ‘What It’s Like To Be A Black Girl’, you have the actual author of the poem giving her point of view from experiencing how things where . Although there is a cultural difference it still involves race and how it affects a one individual’s way of feeling and the outlook from someone else’s appearance. â€Å"The Welcome Table† was a short story whom was written by Alice Walker. She was born on February 9, 1944, in Eatonton, Georgia . Alice Walker is one of the most admired African American writers working today. She studied at Spelman College, Atlanta, and Sarah Lawrence College, New York, then worked as a social worker, teacher, and lecturer. She has taught gender studies courses at Wellesley College and  began one of the first gender Studies programs in the United States. Her publications include poems, short stories, and novels. She continues to write, exploring life situations through the eyes of African American women and advocating ways to approach challenges of sexism, racism, and poverty in American life. She took a brief break from her writing in the 1960s to live in Mississippi and work in the civil rights movement, returning to New York to write for Ms. Magazine. Alice Walker won the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for her 1982 novel, The Color Purple, and is also an acclaimed poet and essayist. This short story had a very compelling plot which is described in our text book as â€Å" A dynamic element in fiction, sequence of interrelated conflicting actions and event typically build to a climax and bring a resolution.† (Clugston, 2010) The first part The Welcome Table is told in the third person and shifts the point of view from which the story is told. The beginning of the story is told from the white peoples perspectives as they see an old black woman. The author goes on to describe the look of the old spiritual woman who eyes were blue –brown in color and where nearly blind. The old woman’s Sunday clothes high polished shoes, rusty mildew dress, and an elegant silk scarf stained with grease from her pig-tails. (Clugston, 2010) She walked many miles, alone in freezing cold until she came upon a church all sweaty and clammy. It was a church only for white people. She stopped on the steps of the church to rest before going inside. When she went into the church, the reverend stopped her by saying â€Å"Auntie, you know this is not your church? The white people are at a loss when they see her near the entrance of the church and do not know what to do. Some would have taken her in from the cold. But other judge her appearance makes some of the white people think of black workers, maids, cooks; others think of black mistresses or jungle orgies. Still others think that she is a foreshadow of what is to come black people invading the one place that it still considered the white persons sanctuary, their private church. As the old lady sat down on the church prewe chairs the old lady was sing in her head. The white women inside the church, who take it as a personal insult and feel the most threatened about the old black lady being at their church, they rouse their husbands to throw the old lady out. Still sing in her head now a sad song,  the old lady looked down the road and seen Jesus and died on the side of the road. (Clugston, 2010) Visualize anything other than that of an old poor lady being mistreated by racism. After reading and experience feelings of compassion when the author describes the unnamed old womans appearance and hygiene as she tried to enter the church. From the depiction expressed throughout the narration of this story, one could sense that this short story was created from the personal experiences or from seeing others who went through. The strangest part of the story is when the pastor call her auntie, either she was the nanny child who grow up with the pastor’s mothe r or father? Who they must had consider her as family without people knowing. â€Å"What it like to be a black girl† is a poem that was written by Patricia Smith. She was born in Chicago in 1955 currently lives in Howell, NJ. She is a four-time individual National Poetry Slam champion and appeared in the 1996 documentary SlamNation. an American poet, former journalist , playwright, author, writing teacher, and spoken-word performer. She has published poems in literary magazines and journals including TriQuarterly, Poetry, The Paris Review, Tin House, and in anthologies including American Voices and The Oxford Anthology of African-American Poetry. She is on the faculties of the Stonecoast MFA Program in Creative Writing and the Low-Residency MFA Program in Creative Writing at Sierra Nevada College.(Wikipedia.com) In this poem the author is telling this story in third person omniscient the poem tells the story of a young black girl exploring and experiencing the changes to of her body. Now starting to develop in many areas to become a black woman she feels like something is wrong with the way she looks. The author uses jagged sentence structure and strong language to also show the reader the importance of this poem. The writer gives the audience an insider’s view into a young black girl world who is feeling like she is one of the most ugliest person on earth. â€Å"It’s dropping food coloring in your eyes to make them blue and suffering their burn in silence. (Clugston, 2010) This poem speaks of the young girl changing her image by placing blue contacts in her eyes. It’s popping a  bleached white mophead over the kinks of your hair. The writer is speaking of the young girl putting a perm on her hair to straight out her hair. I respect the authors reflection of the nine years old girl feeling and trying to fix everything about herself that the world tells her is wrong. The straightening out her hair because being black left you with kinky, curly, frizzy hair., the contacts you wear, the things you do to make yourself look more lik e the beautiful, blonde-haired, blue-eyed white girl. the television have protrude as beauty. When youre nine, you shouldn’t feel these things are necessary because you havent fully developed yet. Primping in front of the mirrors that deny your reflection (Clugston, 2010) Is something many poor women did, but for the black woman in the 1950s it was about using press combs and making outfits to fit in and not being some negro woman, drawing attention to herself. I feel for the author wrote this poem in seeking acceptance from others. In my conclusion, the main character in each of the stories is a protagonist black female who both struggle with trying to be accepted in society due to the color of their skin. Being different is all about how you handle the situation. When one thinks their better than one race that’s when being different is a problem. Comparing these two stories there is racism and discrimination they had to face. Both stories express the determination of one woman and one young girl who survive through all adversity. The authors speak of the hardship one woman and one young girl had to face and suffer. Understanding the fear, struggle and those women of color went through during this time and now. Being different is what god made us. No one person is exactly the same even if the world was one color. Reference 1. Clugston, 2010 2. Wikipedia.com 3. duke.edu 4. poet.org 5. wordwoman. Ws 6. ehow.com 7. Literary Cavalcade;Feb2003, Vol. 55 Issue 5, p32

The Direct Bald On Record Strategy English Language Essay

The Direct Bald On Record Strategy English Language Essay According to Brown and Levinson(1978: 74), bald on record strategy is a direct way of saying things, without any minimisation to the imposition, in a direct, clear, unambiguous and concise way, for example Do X!. Brown and Levinson (1987) claim that the primary reason for bald on record usage may be generally stated as whenever the speaker wants to do FTA with maximum efficiency more than s/he wants to satisfy hearers face, even to any degree, s/he will choose the bald on record strategy. There are different kinds of bald on record usage in different circumstances. This is because the speaker can have different motives for her/his wants to do the FTA with minimum efficiency. The motives fall into two classes; one is where the face threat is not minimised and therefore ignored or irrelevant, and the other is where in doing the FTA baldly on record, the speaker minimises face threats by implication. Brown and Levinson (1978: 100) give an example of bald on record strategy and say that direct imperatives are clear examples of bald on record usage. Imperatives are often softened with hedges or conventional politeness markers, e.g., Please send us the offers. Verb do is used with imperatives, like in Do call us. While what BL call bald on record strategies might simply involve the Gricean maxims, politeness strategies, in contrast, would involve violating the maxims in specific way. Positive politeness The positive politeness is usually seen in groups of friends, or where people of given social situation know each other fairly well. It usually tries to minimize the distance between them by expressing friendliness and solid interest in the hearers need to be expected (minimize FTA). Unlike negative politeness, positive politeness is not necessarily re-dressive of the particular face infringed by the FTA. According to Brown and Levinson (1978: 106), positive politeness is redress directed to the addressees positive face, his/her perennial desire to the his/her wants or actions acquisitions, values resulting from them -should be thought of as desirable. Furthermore, they describe that the redress consists in partially satisfying that desire that ones own wants or some of them are in some respects similar to the addressees wants. BL also note that unlike negative politeness, positive politeness is not necessarily redressive of the particular face want infringe by the FTA. In other words, in positive politeness, the sphere of redress is widened to the appreciation of alters wants in general or to the expression of similarity between egos and alters wants . . . .the linguistic realizations of positive politeness are in many respects simply representative of the normal linguistic behaviour between intimates, where interest and approval of each others personality, presuppositions indicating shared wants and shared knowledge, implicit claims to reciprocity of obligations or to reflexivity of wants, etc. Are routinely exchanged. Perhaps the only feature that distinguishes positive politeness redress from normal everyday intimate language behaviour is an element of exaggeration; this serves as a marker of the face-redress aspect of positive politeness expression by indicating that even S cant with total sincerity say I want your wants he can at least sincerely indicate I want your positive face to be satisfied Brown and Levinson (1978: 106) BL add the element of insincerity in exaggerated expressions of approval or interest is compensating for by the implication that the speaker sincerely wants positive face to be enhanced. This perspective of intimacy is interesting when considering articles in economic journals between authors and audiences are not usually very intimate and if they were, intimacy would be disregard while giving scientific claims. In this sense, it could be expected that not many strategies of positive politeness would be used or rarely used in the articles of economic journals. BL also explain that the association with intimate language usage gives the linguistic of positive politeness its redressive force. They claim that positive politeness utterances are used as kind of metaphorical extensions of intimacy, to imply common ground or sharing of wants to a limited extension of intimacy, and also to imply common ground or sharing of wants to a limited extent even between strangers who perceive themselv es for the purposes of the interaction as somehow similar. This is true when considering economic articles; in fact, sometimes authors and audiences (esoteric) have similar knowledge in general or purpose in common. BL also point out that the positive politeness techniques are usable not only for FTA redress but in general as a kind of accelerator, where S, in using them, indicates he wants to come closer to H or audiences. In addition, BL divide positive politeness into three strategies, namely claiming the common ground, conveying that sender and receiver are co-operators and fulfilling receivers want. 2.3.2.3 Negative Politeness When Brown and Levinson define negative politeness, they say that it is a redressive action addressed to the addressees negative face, that is the addressees wants to have freedom of action unhindered and addressees attention unimpeded. They also point out that negative politeness is the heart of respective behaviour, just as positive politeness is the kernel of familiar and joking behaviour. Negative politeness corresponds to the rituals of avoidance. Where positive politeness is free-ranging, negative politeness is specific and focused; it performs the function of minimizing the particular imposition that the FTA gives unavoidable effects. Furthermore, BL also stress the difference among them, that negative politeness is the kind of politeness used between acquaintances whereas positive politeness is used between closer friends. Negative politeness is the most elaborate and the most conventionalized set of linguistic strategies for FTA redress; it fills the etiquette books although positive politeness also gets some attention. Furthermore, according to BL (1987: 135), the linguistic realization of negative politeness, conventional indirectness, hedges on illocutionary force, polite pessimism, and the emphasis on hearers relative power are very familiar and need no introduction. In addition, BL say that the negative politeness outputs in all forms are used in general for social distancing. Therefore, they are likely to be used whenever a speaker or a sender wants to put a social brake on the course of interaction. There are five main categories as the linguistic realization of negative politeness by BL, namely communicating senders want not to impinge the receiver, not coercing receiver, not presuming/assuming, being (conventionally in) direct and redressing receivers wants. 2.3.2.4 Off Record Brown and Levinsons (1978:216) define off record strategy as a communicative act which is done in such a way that is not possible to attribute one clear communicative intention to the act. In this case, the actor leaves her/himself an out by providing her/himself with a number of defensible interpretations. S/he cannot be held to have committed her/himself to just one particular interpretation of her/his act. In other words, BL claim, the actor leaves it up to the addressee to decide how to interpret the act. Off record utterances are essential in indirect use of language. One says something that is rather general. In this case, the hearer must make some inference to recover what was intended. For example, if somebody says It is hot in here, the hidden meaning of the utterance can be a request to open the window or to switch on the air conditioner. Furthermore, BL (1978: 230-232), list inviting conversational implicatures as one of the main strategies of off record-ness, and its subcategories are giving hints, giving association clues, presupposing, understating, overstating, using tautologies, using contradictions, being ironic, using metaphors, and using rhetorical question. The other main strategy of going off record is being vague or ambiguous, and its subcategories are being ambiguous, being vague, over-generalising, displacing hearer and being incomplete. Politeness In Scientific articles This section aims to present an overview of recent trends in the research of academic writing. One particular area of on-going research is the use of politeness in scientific articles such as economic issues written by economic scholars in academic journal. Myers (1989) discovers that politeness strategies are used explicitly in scientific research article, for instance, to make claims and avoid FTAs. In his study The Pragmatic of Politeness in Scientific Articles, Myers mentions that he adopted politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987) in their book Politeness; Some Universal in language Usage. Brown and Levinson (1987) have developed a theory of politeness to explain the nature of politeness phenomena in language. According to them, it is possible to define generic types of politeness strategies to explain and predict the adoption of politeness in oral or written discourse. As already mentioned in the previous explanation, this theory is based on the work of Goffmann (1967) and it states that people who want to be polite assess the degree of face threat that their discourse will cause in others. BL outline a whole hierarchy of politeness strategies and argue that cultures can be compared in terms of which categories of redress preferred. Most of the claims in the corpus of scientific articles illustrate either positive or negative politeness strategies. But there are instances that illustrate the other choices open to BLs Model of person; doing FTA without redress, baldly; doing it off record; indirectly; and deciding not to do it at all. The Model Person also has a rational faculty for choosing the course of action that will give the highest pay-off with the least loss of face, evaluating three variables; the social distances (D); the relative difference in power between the speaker and hearer (P); and the rank of imposition (R). Myers (1989: 3) in his articles still uses the Brown and Levinson model to help understand the interaction between writers and readers in written text, and particularly in scientific texts, so it meant that these three basic variables are affective to help this study understand the interactions of politeness between writers and readers in written text. In the realm of written communication, the influence of the above factors to politeness has been assessed by Chiappini and Harris 1996; Holtgraves and Yang 1990; and Pilegaard 1997. Although it has been said that specific factors like power, social distance or status influence the adoption of strategies, it is difficult to provide definite conclusions. But it could be said that politeness in written communication such as in economic journal, like others academic field has been generally concluded as a strategy used to create and maintain a friendly atmosphere for relations, to close distance between speakers and hearers and to mitigate the impact of impositions. Greg Myers published his article The Pragmatics of Politeness in Scientific Articles in 1989. By using the model of the politeness principle, Myers (1989) pioneers the application of Brown and Levinsonss (1987) politeness strategies onto written text, and he discovers the existence of politeness in scientific articles. This study attempts to follow what Myers had done in the previous study when he explores and analyzes the research article, by choosing to study economic journals that are quite similar to the corpus in Myerss study. The reason is because an economic journal consists of interactions among economists in which the maintenance of face is crucial. We could see economists building alliances that define what knowledge is as the statement of the individual becomes a fact when it is accepted and used by consensus of the community. In these interactions, certain FTAs are unavoidable and must be redressed with various politeness devices. Moreover, every economist report in the economic issues states a claim, in other words, it makes statement that is to be taken as the articles contribution to knowledge. Most reports, in stating a claim, deny or supersede the claims of others. As stated earlier, this study tries to examine the politeness strategies in the economic text. Myers (1989) investigates the use of politeness in scientific text which closely related with this study. Myers (1983: 3) justifies his reasons for studying politeness strategies in scientific articles. The first reason is scientific article containing the norms of scientific culture, which include the use of passives, nominalization, hedges, and acknowledgement. Secondly, it is because he considers scientific writing as a hard case. If this type of writing contains politeness strategies, then their presence in other genres can be expected. The next reason is that every scientific reports states a claim, an FTA is performed. It would be interesting to see how writers of scientific writing employ politeness strategies to stake a claim. Myers (1983) also discovers that politeness strategies are used explicitly in scientific articles. Below are the strategies employed by the writers/authors co mmonly found in the scientific papers. 2.3.3.1 Positive Politeness and Solidarity In Brown and Levinson (1987), the hierarchy of positive politeness is directed at showing the speaker concerns with hearers concern. Similarly, Myers in his article illustrate the situation: That in scientific writing the range possible references to the readers wants is severely restricted: one cannot for instance, make any remark praising the general talents of a researcher, or remind the readers of a readers past success. But there are positive politeness devices for showing the writer acceptance of the wants of rival researcher, or of the scientific community as whole. (Myers: 1989) In his article, he also points out that the researchers show their solidarity with the community by showing identification with common goals. For instance, when a researcher expresses disappointment, it does not mean that it is a display of personal feelings. Instead, it is an expression of despair for the loss of the opportunity to contribute towards the community. In another example, when an author or a researcher expresses his pleasure or sheer delight, it is not a celebration of personal achievement; it is meant to indicate how glad the author is that the findings fit with the larger goals of the scientific community. Myers (1989) finds that strategic use of pronoun is to stress solidarity, as imposition is made and the use of modifiers to assume common ground, the use of emotional response to indicate solidarity and such unscientific-seeming devices as joking and giving gifts, and also the use of citations are normally used to show solidarity. One way of making criticism while minimizing the FTA is for the writers to use pronoun that include themselves in the criticism. Besides the use of we that means the writers, there is we that means the discipline as a whole. The use of the first person plural pronoun lessens the impact of the claim or criticism made (Myers 1998:7). When an author uses we, it shows solidarity with others, such as research partner(s) or supervisor(s) Joking would seem to be an unlikely politeness strategy in scientific text, and indeed there is not much room for humour in it. But jokes are useful for scientists, linguists, economists or other academic communities, in establishing a sense of shared knowledge or assumptions. This sense can emerge in two features of scientific articles, namely new terms and titles, and they may serve to mitigate the FTA of claim. BL list the giving of gifts as one of their positive politeness strategies. The concerned device in the analysis of writing is the gift of credit, especially in the disposition of citations. It may seem odd that the choice of who to cite and who not to cite could be matter of strategy. One special case of this of giving credit is the acknowledgement of simultaneous, independent claims. Historically, priority disputes have been major causes of tension within the scientific community. Furthermore, authors can show their solidarity with the community more subtly by exhibiting response that assumed shared knowledge. Myers (1989) in his paper finds an indication of emotional response to results, or desire for certain results. In scientific writing such as economic journals, a pattern of citations is used to show solidarity with the scientific community. Authors used this strategy to show the referee or the editorial board that their work is in agreement with the previous studies and it is supported by these studies. Also, by citing the findings of the established members of the academic community, they hoped that their suggestions would be more convincing. Based on the explanations above, those basic concepts of the positives politeness in scientific articles have not changed much compared to the basic concepts proposed by BL, that the communication is framed so that all parties maintain a positive face. Positive politeness is an effort to make up for a threat to the desired self-image or it usually tries to minimize the distance between them by expressing friendliness and solid interest in the hearers need to be respected. Positive politeness devices are used to mitigate both claims and denials of claims.

The Mouse and His Child :: American Literature

The Mouse and His Child, by Russell Hoban, is a melancholy fable about a wind-up pair of tin mice that explore various themes such as hope and perseverance. However, the prevailing lesson taken from this book can be found in the way that Hoban employs his cast of wind-up toys to advocate the importance of the family unit. The story begins with the family together, but it is divided and they go out in separate directions. The father mouse and his child have different views on what to do after the break up of the family. The father's goal of self-winding is a wish for independence, while his child only wishes to bring the family back together. In fact, when the child tells Frog, "I want to find the elephant, I want her to be my mama, and I want the seal to be my sister..." (35), the father is flabbergasted since he was not aware of his child's desire. However, since they are bound together with the father mouse pushing the child along, the father's dream of self-winding/independence takes priority. Hoban cleverly uses the dialogue of the father mouse to show that the family broke up because of differences between the father and mother. In reply to his child's desire to go look for the elephant/mama and the seal/sister, the father says, "I cannot imagine myself being cozy with that elephant." (46) Yet the father humors his child and goes in the direction that they believe may lead them to the seal/sister and elephant/mama saying, "Finding the elephant would be as pointless as looking for her, but since I cannot convince you of that, ... we shall (at least) see something of the world" (47). While the elephant/mama had grown accustom to her royal lifestyle at the dollhouse in the store, she began to be snooty to her family. In replying to why she had been at the store so long she stated, "I'm part of the establishment...and this is my house." (5). It is not until she has been separated from her possessions and the family that she realizes how well off she was when the family was together. When she sees the father and child cutting the tree, she is "completely overwhelmed" (127). Until then she had only thought of herself. She realizes the error of their split as "a world of love and pain was printed on her vision" (128).

Georg Cantor :: essays research papers

Georg Cantor I. Georg Cantor Georg Cantor founded set theory and introduced the concept of infinite numbers with his discovery of cardinal numbers. He also advanced the study of trigonometric series and was the first to prove the nondenumerability of the real numbers. Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor was born in St. Petersburg, Russia, on March 3, 1845. His family stayed in Russia for eleven years until the father's sickly health forced them to move to the more acceptable environment of Frankfurt, Germany, the place where Georg would spend the rest of his life. Georg excelled in mathematics. His father saw this gift and tried to push his son into the more profitable but less challenging field of engineering. Georg was not at all happy about this idea but he lacked the courage to stand up to his father and relented. However, after several years of training, he became so fed up with the idea that he mustered up the courage to beg his father to become a mathematician. Finally, just before entering college, his father let Georg study mathematics. In 1862, Georg Cantor entered the University of Zurich only to transfer the next year to the University of Berlin after his father's death. At Berlin he studied mathematics, philosophy and physics. There he studied under some of the greatest mathematicians of the day including Kronecker and Weierstrass. After receiving his doctorate in 1867 from Berlin, he was unable to find good employment and was forced to accept a position as an unpaid lecturer and later as an assistant professor at the University of Halle in1869. In 1874, he married and had six children. It was in that same year of 1874 that Cantor published his first paper on the theory of sets. While studying a problem in analysis, he had dug deeply into its foundations, especially sets and infinite sets. What he found baffled him. In a series of papers from 1874 to 1897, he was able to prove that the set of integers had an equal number of members as the set of even numbers, squares, cubes, and roots to equations; that the number of points in a line segment is equal to the number of points in an infinite line, a plane and all mathematical space; and that the number of transcendental numbers, values such as pi(3.14159) and e(2.71828) that can never be the solution to any algebraic equation, were much larger than the number of integers. Before in mathematics, infinity had been a sacred subject. Previously, Gauss had stated that infinity should only be used as a way of speaking and not as a mathematical

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Otec Environmental Sciences Essay

The oceans cover a little more than 70 per centum of the Earth surface. This makes it the universes largest solar energy aggregator and energy storage system. On an mean twenty-four hours, 60 million square kilometres if tropical seas absorb and sum of solar radiation equal in heat content to about 250 million barrels of oil. The history of world, have depended upon its ability to suppress the forces of nature, and to use these forces to function its demands. Energy engineering is surely one of the most of import factors in the outgrowth of world as the dominant species of this works. The innovation of the practical steam engine by James W, brought about development of big mills, steam ships and the steam engine. First wood was used, so coal. About the same clip, the usage of coal instigated progresss in metallurgy.petroleum from natural ooze has been used since ancient times for lighting, lubrication and sealing. The debut of boring for oil greatly increased the supply of oil. The i ndustrial revolution switches in to high cogwheel. One job is that the natural ooze is limited and in a few old ages the elements will be used. The development of atomic power was touted as the replies to all world ‘s energy sufferings. It non turned out that manner. The riddance of authorities subsidies for atomic power workss has made them rather unaffordable. When it went so bad no insure in the universe will compose catastrophe for atomic power works The construct of OTEC ( ocean thermal energy transition ) has existed for over a century as fantasised by Jules Verne in 1870 and conceptualised by Gallic physicist, Jacques arsene 500 arsonval in 1881. Despite this an operating OTEC power installation was non developed until the 1920 ‘s. 2.2 WHAT IS OTEC OTEC, ocean thermic energy transition is an energy engineering that converts solar radiation to electric power. OTEC systems use the ocean ‘s natural thermic gradient, accordingly the temperature difference between the warm surface H2O and the cold deep H2O below 600 meters by about 20'c, an OTEC system can bring forth, a significantly sum of power. The oceans are therefore a huge renewable resource ; with the potency to assist us in the OTEC procedure is besides rich in foods and it can be used to civilization both marine being and works life near the shore or on land The entire inflow of solar energy into Earth is of 1000s of clip as a great as world entire energy usage. All of our coal, oil and natural gas are the consequence of the gaining control of solar energy by life of the yesteryear. There have been, any undertakings for tackling solar energy, but most have non been successful because they attempt to capture the energy straight. The thought behind OTEC is the usage of all a natural aggregators, the Se, alternatively of unreal aggregator. 2.3 HOW OTEC WORKS Warm H2O is collected on the surface of the tropical ocean and pumped by a warm H2O pump. The H2O is pumped through the boiler, where some of the H2O is used to heat the working fluid, normally propane or some similar stuff. The propane vapor expands through a turbine which is coupled to a generator that bring forthing electric power. Cold H2O from the underside is pumped through the capacitor, where the vapor returns to the liquid province. The fluid is pumped back into the boiler. Some little fraction of the power from the turbine is used to pump the H2O through the system and to power other internal operations, but most of it is available as net power. There are two different sorts of OTEC power workss, the land based and the natation works. First, land based power workss, the land based pilot works will dwell of a edifice. This edifice will incorporate the heat money changers, turbines, generators and controls. It will be connected to the ocean via several pipes, and an tremendous fish farm ( 100 football countries ) by other pipes. Warm H2O is collected through a screened enclosure near to the shop. A long pipe laid on the incline collects cold H2O. Power and fresh H2O are generated in the edifice by the equipment. Used H2O if first circulated in to the marine civilization pool ( fish farm ) and so discharges by the 3rd pipe in to the ocean, downstream from the warm H2O recess. This is done so that the escape does non reenter the program, since rhenium usage of warm H2O would take down the available temperature difference. While, the other OTEC power workss is drifting power workss, the drifting power works works in the same mann er as the land based the evident different is that the natation works is drifting. Where really OTEC can be used, OTEC can be sited anyplace across about 60 million squares kilometers of tropical oceans anyplace there is deep cold H2O lying under warm surface H2O this by and large means between the tropic of malignant neoplastic disease and the tropic of Capricorn. Surface H2O is these parts, warmed by the Sun, by and large stys at 25 grades Celsius or supra. Ocean H2O more than 1000 metres below the surface is by and large at approximately 4 grades C.2.4 TYPES OF OTECThere are three types of OTEC designs: unfastened rhythm, closed rhythm and intercrossed rhythm.Closed rhythm Closed rhythm systems use unstable with a low boiling point, such as ammonium hydroxide, to revolve a turbine to bring forth electricity. Here how it works. Warm surface sea H2O is pumped through a heat money changer where the low boiling H2O point is vaporized. The spread outing vapor turns the turbo generator, so ball, deep saltwater pumped through a 2nd heat money changer condenses the vapor back into a liquid, which is so recycle through the system Open rhythm Open rhythm OTEC uses the tropical oceans warm surface H2O to do electricity. When warm saltwater is placed in a low force per unit area container, it boils. The spread outing steam drives a low force per unit area turbine attached to an electrical generator. The steam, which has left its slat behind in the low force per unit area container, is about pure fresh H2O. It is condensed back into a liquid by exposure to cold temperature from deep oceans H2O Hybrid rhythm Hybrid system combines the characteristic of both the closed rhythm an unfastened rhythm system. In a intercrossed system, warm saltwater enters a vacuity chamber where it is brassy evaporated into steam, similar to the unfastened rhythm vaporization procedure. The steam vaporizes a low boiling point fluid that drives a turbine to bring forth electricity2.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF OTECThe advantages of OTEC is the utilizations OF OTEC is clean, renewable, its natural resource. Warm surface saltwater and cold H2O from the ocean deepnesss replace fossil fuels to bring forth electricity. Second, its appropriately designed OTEC workss will bring forth small or no C dioxide or other pollutant chemical Third, OTEC system can bring forth fresh H2O every bit good as electricity. This is a important adapted in island countries where fresh H2O is limited, other there is adequate solar energy received and stored in the warm tropical ocean ‘s surface bed to supply most, if non all, of present human energy demands and last the usage of OTEC as a beginning of electricity will assist cut down the province about complete dependance on imported fossil fuels. The disadvantages of OTEC is produced electric at present would be more than electricity generated from fossil fuels at theirs current costs. Second, OTEC workss must be located were a difference of about 20 ; degree Celsius occurs twelvemonth unit of ammunition. Ocean deepnesss must be available reasonably near to shore based installations for economics operation. Floating works ships could supply more flexibleness. Third, there is no energy company will set money in this undertaking because it merely has been tested in really smell graduated table and last, the building of OTEC workss and lying of pipes in coastal H2O may do localized harm to reefs and near shore Marine ecosystems.2.6 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF OTECOTEC systems are, for the most portion, environmentally benign. Although inadvertent escape of closed rhythm working fluids can present a jeopardy, under normal conditions, the lone wastewaters are the assorted saltwater discharges and dissolved gases that come out of solu tion when sea H2O is depressurized. Although the measures of outgassed species may be important for big OTEC systems, with the exclusion of C dioxide, these species are benign. Carbon dioxide is a nursery gas and can impact planetary clime ; nevertheless, OTEC systems release one or two orders of magnitude less C dioxide than comparable dodo fuel power workss and those emanations may be sequestered easy in the ocean or used to excite marine biomass production. OTEC assorted saltwater discharges will be at lower temperatures than sea H2O at the ocean surface. The discharges will besides incorporate high concentrations of foods brought up with the deep sea H2O and may hold a different salt. It is of import ; hence, that release back into the ocean is conducted in a mode that minimizes unintended alterations to the ocean assorted bed biology and avoids bring oning long-run surface temperature anomalousnesss. Analysiss of OTEC wastewater plumes suggest that discharge at deepnesss of 50- 100 m should be sufficient to guarantee minimum impact on the ocean environment. Conversely, the nutrient-rich OTEC discharges could be exploited to prolong open-ocean Mari civilization